The RoWIP in context
Rights of Way Improvement Planning provides the opportunity to recognise the invaluable contribution improved Public Rights of Way and countryside sites can make to the Social, Economic and Environmental needs we face today and in the future (see Appendix 2).
A selection of the key plans and issues are highlighted in this chapter.
The strategic context of the Rights of way improvement plan
Development (Spatial Planning)
Green infrastructure, Net-work of paths and Sites for walking and riding within and linking settlements and out to the wider countryside.
Economy
Good green infrastructure, PRoW and sites – making places attractive to work, live
and holiday in and bringing people into contact with local businesses.
Health
Providing facilities for formal and informal exercise and a place to relax and unwind.
Diversity and Equality
Enabling older, younger and people with disabilities and ethnic minority groups to use
more paths and sites.
Culture and Arts
Providing local character, celebrating folklore, artists, writers and poets.
Community
Enabling people to work together improving paths and sites to meet their needs.
Sport and Leisure
Providing opportunities for sporting events, walking festivals, picnics, meeting places and play for people of all ages.
Environment
Providing invaluable wildlife habitat and corridors and enabling people to experience and respect Dorset’s landscapes and wildlife.
Climate Change
Opportunities for people to walk/ride reducing motorised travel and carbon emissions.
Tourism
Providing Tourist attractions and sustainably managing visitor travel.
Transport
Providing routes for sustainable travel – walking and riding.
Dorset County Council’s Future Plans
Our Role in Dorset: The Dorset Corporate Plan 2010-14 sets out four aims:
- improve life chances, health and independence for people within thriving and safe communities
- improve Dorset’s transport and economy
- safeguard Dorset’s unique environment
- develop public services fit for the future
The Dorset Community Strategy 2007-2016 in combination with Local Area Agreements guides the work of the Dorset Strategic Partnership whose aim is “to improve quality of life and well being for people in Dorset in a sustainable way”
Implementation of the RoWIP can help to achieve many of the targets aspired to in these plans, strategies and agreements in particular those under the themes of:
- accessibility
- children and young people
- older people
- thriving communities
- culture
- safer communities
- health and wellbeing
- economic partnership
- climate change and the environment
Many of these are discussed in more detail below.
T 1.1 Aim: Implement and promote RoWIP projects demonstrating how improved paths and countryside sites help to achieve targets in Dorset County Council’s Future Plans.
Transport – The Local Transport Plan
The Bournemouth, Poole and Dorset19, Local Transport Plan (BP and DLTP3 2011-2026) sets out the strategy for improving transport for the next 15 years.
It covers all modes of transport including walking and cycling, the management and maintenance of the highway network and the relationship between transport and the wider social, economic and environmental policy issues.
The ability to move around Dorset easily and safely, and in ways that minimise the impact on the environment whilst reducing social exclusion is key to realising LTP3’s potential.
Quote
“A safe and reliable transport system for Bournemouth, Poole and Dorset that assists in the development of a strong economy, maximises the opportunities for sustainable transport and respects and protects the area’s unique environmental assets” LTP3 vision
The Local Transport Act 2008 requires LTP3 to have “regard to the needs of disabled people, both in developing and implementing plans” bringing local transport legislation in line with the Disability Discrimination Act 2005.
The RoWIP has researched these needs in the context of PRoW.
The LTP3 is based around five national priority transport goals:
- supporting economic growth
- reducing carbon emissions and tackling climate change
- promoting equality of opportunity
- contribute to better safety, security and health
- improve quality of life and a healthy natural environment
Improved Public Rights of Way can help achieve these goals and are discussed in more detail below.
Consequently the LTP and RoWIP are closely interlinked and the Dorset RoWIP is a key supporting strategy to the Bournemouth, Poole and Dorset LTP3.
T1.2 Aim: To align the RoWIP with the LTP3 and develop projects to implement PRoW improvements.
Climate Change
Improved PRoW can play an important role in helping to address climate change. Government is committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions across the UK economy by at least 80% on 1990 levels by 205020.
Changes to transport and how we travel will need to happen if we are to make a significant contribution to this target.
The Department for Transport is encouraging local authorities to help mitigate climate change by developing more sustainable transport systems, facilitating behaviour change and reducing the need to travel.
Improving PRoW and creating a safe and attractive environment will enable people to walk, ride and cycle for journeys and/or to use public transport and will reduce carbon emissions.
Dorset is experiencing hotter, drier summers and warmer, wetter winters. It is predicted that there will be more frequent extreme weather events and rising sea levels - 80cm higher by 2080.
These climatic trends will have an impact on people’s use and enjoyment of PRoW and public green space as well as to current working practice to maintain and improve them.
Climate Change implications for management of Dorset’s PRoW and Countryside sites
Predicted Climate Change
Warmer dryer summers
Implications for RoWIP/Site management in Dorset
- increased visitor numbers
- increase in walking riding and cycling
- increased pressure on paths/sites and communities
- dry and dusty paths prone to erosion
- possibly increase in conflict between different user activities
- increased pressure on promoted routes esp Dorset coast path
Predicted Climate Change
Warmer wetter winters.
Implications for RoWIP/Site management in Dorset
- wet and muddy paths prone to erosion
Predicted Climate Change
Storms
Implications for RoWIP/Site management in Dorset
- increased coastal erosion and potential impact on network of paths in the coastal corridor
- obstructions – fallen trees
Predicted Climate Change
Flooding
Implications for RoWIP/Site management in Dorset
- washout of paths – gullies
Predicted Climate Change
Vegetation
Implications for RoWIP/Site management in Dorset
- lengthening growing season requiring more frequent vegetation clearance
Path networks can be developed to accommodate and capitalise on increased pressures whilst protecting more vulnerable locations, for example, managing visitors onto more robust paths and into contact with local businesses; PRoW providing wildlife corridors linking habitats.
Procedures regarding current working practice can be developed to reduce CO² emissions. For example use of bio-fuels and reusing/recycling waste.
T1.3 Aim: Develop and implement sustainable working procedures to address climate change
Development/planning - Green infrastructure and social inclusion
The Planning Act 2004 required Local Planning Authorities to replace their land use planning based Local plans with new, spatially based, Local Development Frameworks (LDFs). These LDFs consist of a group of documents centered around a Core Strategy.
They are also interlinked with LTP3.
District and Borough Councils in Dorset have been developing their Local Core Strategy.
These are based on evidence studies and outline the key principles to guide long-term planning and sustainable development in the local area which reflects the needs of the communities.
One of the strands of evidence underpinning both LDF and LTP3 preparation across Dorset has been a series of Transport studies that considers all aspects of transport provision including the roles of PRoW.
Research from the RoWIP has fed into the LDF process establishing the invaluable role of PRoW/sites as Green-Infrastructure.
Green Infrastructure can be defined as, "A strategic network of accessible, green spaces, both new and existing between and within our cities, towns and villages and the linkages in between them.
It is multi-functional providing wildlife corridors, water and carbon management, reduces noise and air pollution, alleviates flooding and numerous opportunities to relax socialise and play! Sites include nature reserves, parks, woodland. Linkages include PRoW”
Transport studies for Dorset LDFs advocates green infrastructure providing sustainable transport routes for local functional journeys to either access local services or for purposes of fitness/leisure.
The recent coalition government proposes, through the Localism Bill, to change the current planning process and introduce a more community led neighbourhood planning system. Rights of Way Improvement Planning will fully integrate with this system once it is established.
The county of Dorset covers two distinct character types of settlement pattern. South East Dorset comprising of Bournemouth, Poole, Christchurch, parts of East Dorset and parts of Purbeck are urban.
The significantly larger remaining areas of Dorset are predominantly rural in character. Approximately one third of Dorset’s population live in remote, rural villages and hamlets.
The rural facilities survey 2002 emphasises the loss of and continued decline in local services. In addition public transport provision is poor where approximately 10% of households in Dorset are not served by a frequent bus service (three or more buses a day).
Consequently in being able to easily “get about” rural areas and get to work bases, education centres, shops, formal health facilities, open spaces and countryside etc private car ownership is essential.
However this can also apply within market towns and/or villages where facilities do exist. Here infrastructure enabling easy walking, riding and cycling can be poor and people often feel it is easier and safer to use their car for even short, local journeys.
People unable to drive or without access to motorised transport can find it very difficult to reach services and outdoor recreation facilities. All of the above contributes towards social deprivation and exclusion.
This RoWIP has identified numerous barriers that prevent people from walking/riding to access local services.
These can be overcome by working with local communities to develop local path networks – ie green infrastructure - catering for people of all ages, needs and abilities to walk/ride to local facilities in their community or – where convenient – to those in a neighbouring settlement.
Quote
“We use the footpaths for enjoyment, exercise and for transport. They are a great way to get around without using the car” Photopostcard entrant
Measures such as good design, appropriate surfacing, furniture and informative signage, creating “links” where there are gaps in existing networks, linking with public transport, providing adequate, local information and effective integrations with the wider road network can develop sustainable transport networks ie green infrastructure that people enjoy using.
T1.4 Aim: Ensure that PRoW/Sites are protected and enhanced in building and road development and effectively incorporated into the LDF process as essential green infrastructure.
Health and Wellbeing
Whilst life expectancy in Dorset is 3-4 years greater than that of the national average research shows that levels of heart disease (which is 3% higher than the national average and accounts for 42% of all deaths in Dorset), asthma, cancer and obesity are increasing.
Such health problems are not exclusive to adults; increasingly they apply to our younger members of society too.
For example, rates of overweight and obese school age children are high and if not addressed will lead to a massive increase in diseases in later life such as diabetes and heart disease.
Living in rural areas can lead to social exclusion and isolation resulting in many people, especially those in the older age profile, susceptible to a low sense of wellbeing and esteem and depression.
Rural exclusion also contributes to limiting public access to formal leisure centres and facilities such as gyms and swimming pools.
Such avoidable health issues place an unnecessary burden on the public purse.
Throughout Dorset’s health service it is recognised that preventative measures are needed and national research demonstrates how walking and outdoor recreation are particularly effective in tackling heart disease, obesity, depression and dementia.
Initiatives from GP surgeries are emerging with prescriptions for exercise – health walks backed up by the issue of “Fit” notes instead of sick notes.
A network of improved PRoW and countryside sites can positively contribute towards healthier lifestyles.
Quotes
“I have two Doctors, my left leg and my right” George Trevelyan 1913
“getting out on our bikes keeps us physically and mentally healthy” Photo-postcard entrant
“for every 10% increase in green local space – measurable reduction in health complaints” Nature and Health 2001
It is recommended that adults are physically active for at least 30 minutes a day and young people for approximately one hour a day.
Quote
“Half an hour’s walking per day cuts the risk of heart disease by up to half, as well as reducing risk of cancers, diabetes, obesity, and osteoporosis and helps to improve mental health” Natural England
By developing path/site networks that are accessible, safe and a pleasure to use, within and between settlements and out into the surrounding countryside people have an incentive to leave the car at home and get outside and enjoy the walk, bike ride and possibly horse-ride to the local shop, school or pub.
This enables people to build passive exercise into their daily lives.
These networks also provides “doorstep gym” facilities enabling people to take up a more formal exercise routine such as regular walking, horse-riding and/or cycling.
Further-more by simply having the opportunity to get outdoors, take some time out alone or interact with people, explore and get to know your surroundings, experience our wildlife and amazing landscapes, helps us to relax and unwind and improves our mental health and overall sense of wellbeing.
Quote
“Countryside access…very few other sports activities are able to provide such encouraging fulfilment to a person’s mind, spirit and body” Photo-postcard entrant
Just consider the potential impact this could have on saving and redirecting money within our health service
Quote
“For every £1 invested in the Walking for Health Scheme, £7 worth of health benefits are delivered” Natural England
The RoWIP Planning process provides the means to work more closely with:
- health providers (Primary Care Trusts)
- exercise and lifestyle Co-ordinators
- GPs
- Leisure Centres
- Schools
- communities (older people, younger people, families, people with visibility and/or mobility impairment) to build upon existing initiatives (GP referral schemes, Health walks)
and develop new ones and provide effective local access networks close to, for example:
- peoples homes
- care centres
- hospitals
- retirement homes
enabling people to independently build a little more activity into their lives.
T1.5 Aim: Work with health service professionals to expand Natural England’s Health Walks scheme and develop other initiatives in Dorset. Increase opportunities for people to get into the countryside and use the natural environment to improve their physical and mental health and wellbeing.
Older, Younger and Disabled people and ethnic minorities
The RoWIP must have particular regard to the accessibility of Rights of Way to blind or partially sighted persons and others with mobility impairment (CRoW 2000sec 60 (2c)). This is reinforced by the Equality Act 2010 and various other legislation.
People vary in their abilities and needs throughout their lives.
RoWIP guidance defines “mobility impairment” in its broadest sense. For example people with either temporary or permanent mobility impairment can include older people, younger people, pregnant women, people experiencing ill health, carers of people with visibility and mobility impairment, people who use pushchairs to carry young children and people who use wheelchairs or Electrically Propelled Vehicles (EPVs).
Individuals from the above groups and people representing them in Dorset stated how they valued paths and public space as an opportunity to be able to get outside, about their local area and into the countryside.
Good quality access plays an important role in enhancing their quality of life and helping to reduce social exclusion” There is increasing concern that, due to fears for their safety, children today don’t get outside and “play” unsupervised in natural places as much as their parents and the generations before them did.
This coupled with the popularity and availability of technology such as television and computers can contribute to a lack of physical exercise in younger people leading to obesity and associated health problems (see Theme 1, health and wellbeing).
Research shows how important it is for young people to have the opportunity to experience the outdoors through both formal and informal “play”, sports and other recreational activities.
This experience helps young people to maintain good overall physical and mental health and develop self awareness and social skills.
For example it helps them to have fun, interact with friends, be creative, judge situations, develop confidence and independence and a greater awareness and respect for their local community and natural environment.
Quote
“Children who are allowed to play and explore outside are likely to be more adventurous, self-motivated and better able to understand risk when they grow up” Tessa Livingstone, Child Psychologist
Dorset youth group leaders organise outdoor activities such as hiking, summer camp and outdoor games.
Quote
“We use quite a lot of local paths with the Girl Guides – they know all the paths, but are not allowed to use them on their own (safety). We very much want to keep the paths open – we like using them. We make little wooden boats and drop them in the river from the bridge and then chase them up the river, which is great fun. Need to keep that facility.” 1st Sturminster Newton Guides
Parents and young people raised safety concerns about having to walk and ride along roads. However young people want to be able to travel and request paths or multi-user routes (to accommodate walkers, horse-riders and cyclists) to travel safely to school, to visit friends, get to neighbouring settlements and for leisure.
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“(for children bicycles are) … one of the most important ways of travelling to see their friends” Resident, Hinton St Mary
Numerous requests also highlight the need for outdoor public space – incorporating formal play and more natural areas.
Quote
“A place to hang out … a park … a playing field” Consultee
Dorset’s growing population of older people is already higher than the national average.
Consequently Dorset has an above national average population of people experiencing long-term illness and/or disability and higher proportion of unpaid carers.
Groups and organisations exist to provide additional support where required for the various countryside activities of walking, horse-riding, cycling, horse carriage and vehicular driving.
For some, horse carriage and vehicular driving are the only way they can have access to the countryside. But people also enjoy the freedom and flexibility of having the opportunity to be independent and get out on their own.
However problems encountered on Rights of Way and countryside sites that might make an activity difficult and unpleasant to use for some people, can create actual barriers to access for others.
For such people these barriers limit the opportunities and experiences that many of us take for granted.
Consultees are frustrated at not being able to use paths or sites because of inappropriate infrastructure design.
Such experiences diminish their confidence and dissuade them from using other countryside access opportunities.
Both Market Town and village residents cited personal illness, limited mobility and age preventing them from using PRoW to access local services or get out into the countryside.
However for many people it may not be their limited mobility that is preventing them from using Rights of Way, but conversely the Rights of Way that are not meeting their personal needs.
Quotes
“Please replace (old) stiles with gates – especially near villages” Photo-postcard entrant
“We have pathways but are unable to use them as we can’t use stiles, five bar gates or kissing gates” Disability Action Group, Child Okeford
Removing barriers can open up new opportunities and increase provision for a wider range of people whilst improving the overall quality of the Access Resource for everyone else.
Quote
“To get around the Blackmore Vale and access my local services I use the Nordcap bus which is a community rural bus service for people with no other way of getting about. I suffer from MS and therefore cannot drive a car. I enjoy using the local footpaths in my area to get some form of recreation, they are free and I have the right to use them!” Member of the public
The Equality Act 2010 states the need to take “reasonable” measures to avoid discrimination.
Circumstances such as costs, potential benefits to other customers, resources available and practicalities will need to be taken into consideration.
Actual accessibility improvements made will depend on various issues, vary from location to location and result in different levels of accessibility and types of improvements.
Contrary to common concerns, improving accessibility does not mean tarmacking the entire countryside and people with mobility and visibility impairment are the first to oppose such an idea.
Measures to improve accessibility of paths and sites might include, for example, replacing stiles with gaps or gates, improvement to provide a surface suitable for disability vehicles, clear signage, sufficient width of paths to enable those with sight impairment to walk alongside a carer and graded slopes rather than steps.
Therefore, considering all the above points it is appropriate that in developing an effective countryside access resource that provides opportunities for as many people as possible, that “accessibility” is inherent in the management, maintenance, promotion and legal management of Dorset’s outdoor Access resource.
This should ensure that as a service provider we will “think ahead”, consider the range of disabilities and needs our customers have and where possible take steps to address any barriers that might impede customer use and enjoyment of Dorset’s countryside.
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“Dorset’s PRoW must be kept in good order and accessible to as many people as possible including the disabled and less agile” Photopostcard entrant
Dorset has a small and diverse ethnic population – 6.8%. Research suggests that people from ethnic minority groups can lack confidence using the countryside for recreation due to different cultures and languages.
Any barriers such as lack of appropriate publicity and information, preventing people from ethnic minorities enjoying PRoW/sites in Dorset need to be identified and addressed.
The consultation and findings for this RoWIP highlights the various needs and interests of the numerous people who use or would like to use Public Rights of Way and sites in Dorset.
Dorset County Council, through its access duties and access improvement work, independently and in partnership with others, does and will continues to do what it can to meet these needs when resources are available.
T1.6 Aim: Improve accessibility of the network.
Environment – Natural and Cultural Heritage
Dorset covers 981 square miles (2,542 square km) with a population of approximately 407,800 with 47% living in urban areas, 25% in coastal and market towns and 28% in villages and rural areas.
Dorset is renowned for its amazing geology that has given it a diverse variety of stunning landscapes, interesting soil types and habitats.
The coast has steep cliffs and muddy, sandy, rocky and shingle shores; heath-land with its bogs, pools and scrub; wooded areas of ancient, veteran trees, old and new coppice, hedgerows and thickets; the downlands and meadows supporting different grasslands and the variety of rivers and wetlands.
This diverse range of habitats provides perfect conditions to support a rich biodiversity.
Numerous everyday and rare plants and animals can be seen and enjoyed here.
Approximately 80% of all mammal species, 90% of all bird species and 80% of all butterfly species that exist in Britain can be found in Dorset.
This rich natural resource laid the foundations for Dorset’s strong cultural heritage.
Dorset’s landscapes and soils influenced how the land has been used and agriculture has played a major role adding to and shaping many of the habitats listed above.
Dorset also has the highest number of large, privately owned landed estates in the South West region, again influencing the character of its landscape.
Architecture of traditional construction methods and indigenous building materials, for example, local stone, brick, cob and thatch, also contribute to Dorset’s distinctiveness.
A strong sense of past and present generations is readily felt through the numerous historical features that abound in the Dorset landscape. Hill forts, burial mounds, chalk hill figures, parklands, ceremonial sites and present settlement patterns resulting in today’s vibrant coastal and market towns, villages, hamlets and farmsteads
Collectively this rich resource has provided inspiration for numerous artists, writers, craftspeople and musicians who have made their homes here.
It is therefore of little surprise that the richness of Dorset is recognised at both national and international levels – nearly three quarters of Dorset is designated - but most importantly highly valued at a local level, by the people who live in Dorset. A MORI poll revealed that Dorset’s residents felt that protecting Dorset’s unique environment should be top priority.
Facts on environmental, heritage and landscape designations in Dorset
73% of the Dorset landscape is identified under landscape, heritage and/or environmental designation. For example, this includes:
- 135 Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI)
- 12 National Nature Reserves (NNRs)
- 33 Local Nature Reserves (LNRs)
- 1,225 Sites of Nature Conservation Interest (SNCIs)
- 4 Special Protection Areas (SPAs)
- 14 Candidate Special Areas of Conservation (cSACs)
- 4 Ramsar sites – internationally important wetlands 12,890 Listed buildings 190 Building conservation areas
- 1,716 Scheduled Ancient Monuments (Just over 5% of all SAMs in England)
- 31 Historic parks and gardens
- 71 miles (114km) of Dorset coast is World Heritage Status
- 55% of the Dorset landscape is designated as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) where:
- 44% is Dorset AONB
- 11% made up from an area of the Cranborne Chase and West Wiltshire Downs (AONB)
Although Dorset is one of the richest counties for wildlife in England it has experienced widespread deterioration in habitat and populations of both everyday and rare species.
Such declines have occurred during the last 80 years and intensified in the last 30 years mainly as a result of human activity.
Many people are working hard together to halt any deterioration and are dedicated to protecting Dorset’s rich natural and cultural heritage.
Various plans and schemes exist to support this, for example the Jurassic Coast, Dorset and Cranborne AoNB management plans which the Dorset RoWIP fed into and the agricultural schemes.
The Dorset Countryside Rangers and PRoW Officers have a key role to play in helping to protect and enhance Dorset’s natural and cultural heritage.
Sites and PRoW provide invaluable habitat, local character and distinctiveness and a means for people to get out into and responsibly explore, experience and enjoy the Dorset landscape and understand just how special it is, encouraging them to play a part in its conservation.
T1.7Aim: Address infringements of GAEC 8 (single payment scheme – PRoW).
T1.8 Aim: Ensure RoWIP aims are integrated into Country Park and sites management plans and continue to influence wider access schemes and landscape management plans
T1.9 Aim: Ensure that the work of Dorset County Council and partners continues to protect and enhance Dorset’s natural and cultural heritage
Economic
Improved PRoW/sites providing local path networks that are safe and attractive to use by people of all ages and abilities, make it easier and appealing to walk ride and cycle helping to make financial savings or generate income as highlighted in the previous themes – for example:
- less car dominated environments are more pleasant – safer, less noise/air pollution - for people to live and work in and visit– vitalising areas
- reduced car use reduces the costs associated with congestion and climate change
- local people and visitors able to safely walk/ride are more likely to use and sustain local services – shops, public transport etc
- health care savings associated with increased outdoor activity – physical and relaxation
Improved PRoW/Sites also boosts the local economy through Tourism, for example:
- nationally £1.4 - £2.7 billion is generated from walking in the English countryside, supporting between 180,000-245,000 jobs
- Britain’s longest national trail and one of the regions key tourist attraction, the South West Coast Path, attracts 6 million people and contributes an estimated £307 million annually into the regional economy
- the top two activities visitors take part in during their visit to Dorset are walking (80%) and exploring towns and villages (67%)
Dorset provides a range of large and small outdoor attractions for visiting and local tourists to enjoy – gardens, parks, wildlife reserves, historic buildings, landscapes/views, churches.
As much as the promoted long distance trails are important as attractions in themselves the development of high quality localised path networks are important in the sustainable management of visitors and providing localised areas to explore on foot, horse and bike, especially catering for the short-stay or day visitor.
T1.10 Aim: Identify, research and promote ways in which improved paths and countryside sites help to boost the local economy through financial savings and generating income.